Different steps of design process in aerospace structures, interaction of design parameters in the complete design process and the necessity of the preliminary prediction of Structural geometrydictate the presence of a general parametric design method for preliminary sizing of different Structural components. The design method of Structural index concept is a simultaneous design and analysis process that can provide complete details of panel geometry by having the Structural index and material properties of a stiffened panel. In this paper, the design and analysis process of compressed stiffened panel is described by Structural index concept with general configuration and the results are extracted with two different approaches. Then the results are modified to confirm the common iterative methods. Finally, the results are compared with the results of current methods. In addition to its application as a design method, Structural index concept also can be used to determine optimal region of design space and choose initial design points which required for numerical optimization methods based on analytical or F.E.M methods.

The most important part of the agricultural products sizing machines, is sizing unit. The main purpose of this research was to determination some engineering properties of almond kernel and design and manufacturing of sizing unit for use in a sizing machine. To choose the best sizing mechanism, the concept of visual sizing parameter function was used. The results showed that the thickness and length dimensions, with coefficients of 0. 647 and 0. 353 respectively, play the most important role in the sizing of almond kernels. In addition, statistical studies showed that the thickness dimension, in terms of having the lowest dispersion and standard deviation of data, is also the best dimension to design the device. To determine design parameters, some physical and mechanical properties of three varieties of almond kernel namely Sefid, Sangi and Mamaei, at three moisture levels (3, 9 and 15%), on three surface textures including polished steel, Teflon and wood were evaluated. The results showed that with increasing levels of humidity, the friction coefficient in all three varieties and on all three surface textures, showing an increasing trend while the force needed to break almond kernels showing a decreasing trend. Based on the obtained results, sizing unit using a pair of diverging polished steel rollers, was chosen as the best option and after determination of other attributes such as appropriate length and diameter for rollers, was used in special device for sizing almond kernels.

Regarding the importance of sizing and grading crops for marketing and as well as processing operations, a machine was designed, constructed, and evaluated for hazelnut sizing. The machine design was based on sizing mechanism of diverged belt type. The sizing unit benefits from a structure similar to a horizontal belt conveyor, where instead of the belt; a continuous endless rope is divertingly wrapped around the driven and driving roller grooves. The distance between the ropes at the entrance of the input product (the end of the driven roller) is small becoming gradually larger to the other end of the drive roller. Hazelnuts are continuously fed into the sizing unit through the feeding unit that consists of a hopper and an inclined conveyor. Hazelnuts along the sizing path based on the size discharged on the tray with the output being led to the drain. In this plan, hazelnut is sized as based on the smallest diameter in the three sizes as small (less than 14 mm), medium (greater than 14 mm and less than 16 mm) and large (greater than 16 mm). The evaluation results indicated that the linear velocity and the class size significantly affected on the performance of the machine. The most appropriate linear rope speed was determined as 0.8 m/sec. sizing machine efficiency for medium-sized nuts is highest and at about 92%. The overall efficiency of 84% was estimated for the machine.

In this article the genetic algorithm is employed to optimize scissor-link foldable structures. The Advantage of using GA lies in the fact that the discrete spaces can be optimized without any Complexity. Here displacement method is used for analysis with uniplet elements.      

In this paper, design and production of a high power pulsating illuminator for particles imaging in shadowgraph technique is presented. Based on high contrast of shadowgraph images and no need for high power illuminator, commercial light emitted diode (LED) is used as an alternative for laser light. The designed pulsating high power light source works with minimum pulse width of 125 ns, frequency of 500 Hz, and maximum electrical current of about 15 A. A trigger compatible with camera and light source is designed for synchronizing light pulses and camera shutter. In addition, commercial DSLR camera was used for implementation of single frame-multi pulse technique with no need for high speed camera. The images recorded by a DSLR camera shows drops with velocity of about 20-30 m/s and size of about 100-200 um being captured.

This paper proposes a modified sine cosine algorithm (MSCA) for discrete sizing optimization of truss structures. The original sine cosine algorithm (SCA) is a populationbased metaheuristic that fluctuates the search agents about the best solution based on sine and cosine functions. The efficiency of the original SCA in solving standard optimization problems of well-known mathematical functions has been demonstrated in literature. However, its performance in tackling the discrete optimization problems of truss structures is not competitive compared with the existing metaheuristic algorithms. In the framework of the proposed MSCA, a number of worst solutions of the current population is replaced by some variants of the global best solution found so far. Moreover, an efficient mutation operator is added to the algorithm that reduces the probability of getting stuck in local optima. The efficiency of the proposed MSCA is illustrated through multiple benchmark optimization problems of truss structures.

Dynamic Structural responses via time history analysis are highly dependent to characteristics of selected records as the seismic excitation. Ground motion scaling is a well-known solution to reduce such a dependency and increase reliability to the dynamic results. The present work, formulate a twofold problem for optimal spectral matching and performing consequent sizing optimization based on such scaled ground motion via numerical step-by-step analyses. Particle swarm optimization as a widely used metaheuristic is specialized and improved to solve this problem treating a number of examples. The scaling error is evaluated using both traditional procedure and the developed method. In this regard, some issues are studied including the effect of Structural period and shape of the design spectrum on the results. Contribution of the proposed enhancement on the standard particle swarm intelligence has improved its explorative capability resulting in higher efficiency of the algorithm.

The basic elements in biosensors are the recognition element, reporting element, and measuring device. The typical structure for the biosensing process to occur is the one where the recognition element is first in the process, followed by the reporting element, and finally the measuring device. This simple structure, however, can be arranged in many ways, therefore creating different biosensors e.g., ELISA, lateral flow, or electrochemical. This work is a review from 2009 to 2023 of the literature focusing on describing the biosensor elements and their arrangements as well as describing their functions for several known biosensors. There is also a description of how the different arrangements affect the biosensor performance. The analysis is done independently of the different analytes, biosensor materials, or their fabrication. One objective is to inspire new biosensors by looking at Structural changes in contrast with focusing on improving a synthesis, changing a concentration, or changing a material substrate. This work also aims at providing a synthetic framework to contribute to the understanding of a large amount of literature available in this field.